Villans

Villians
Below is a list of villans and where they are found. Please research these.

BAITING

 * __What is it?__** //baiting// is practically what you do when you go fishing! same word, almost same thing. //baiting// is when you set food out or poising around or use something as //bait// to catch or lure something in to a spot and then possibly killing (alex)

CANE TOAD
__**Found in**__: Embley River, Katherine River, Endeavour River, Macathur River, Nogoa River The **cane toad** (//Bufo marinus//), also known as the **giant neotropical toad** or **marine toad**, is a large, terrestrial [|true toad] which is native to [|Central] and South America, but has been [|introduced] to various islands throughout [|Oceania] and the [|Caribbean]. It is a member of the subgenus //[|Rhinella]// of the [|genus] //[|Bufo]//, which includes many different true toad [|species] found throughout Central and South America. The cane toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump [|spawns] with thousands of [|eggs]. Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among [|anurans], of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in length; the largest recorded specimen weighed 2.65 kg (5.8 lb) with a length of 38 cm (15 in) from snout to vent. The cane toad is an old species. A fossil toad (specimen UCMP 41159) from the [|La Venta fauna] of the late [|Miocene] of [|Colombia] is indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America.[|[][|5][[[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toad#cite_note-4]|]]] It was discovered in a floodplain deposit, which suggests the //B. marinus//habitat preferences have always been for open areas. The cane toad has poison [|glands], and the [|tadpoles] are highly toxic to most animals if ingested. Because of its voracious appetite, the cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method of agricultural [|pest control]. The species derives its common name from its use against the [|cane beetle] (//Dermolepida albohirtum//). The cane toad is now considered a pest and an [|invasive species]in many of its introduced regions; of particular concern is its toxic skin, which kills many animals—native predators and otherwise—when ingested. Most frogs identify prey by movement, and vision appears to be the primary method by which the cane toad detects prey; however, the cane toad can also locate food using its sense of smell.[|[][|40][[[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toad#cite_note-Lever2001p10-39]|]]] They eat a wide range of material; in addition to the normal prey of small [|rodents], [|reptiles], other [|amphibians], [|birds] and a range of [|invertebrates], they also eat plants, dog food and household refuse. Cane toads have a habit of swallowing their prey. Many species prey on the cane toad in its native habitat, including the [|broad-snouted caiman] (//Caiman latirostris//), the [|banded cat-eyed snake] (//Leptodeira annulata//), the [|eel] (family: Anguillidae), various species of [|killifish],[|[][|47][[[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toad#cite_note-Tyler1989pp138-139-46]|]]] the rock flagtail (//[|Kuhlia] rupestris//), some species of [|catfish] (order: Siluriformes) and some species of [|ibis] (subfamily: Threskiornithinae).[|[][|47][[[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toad#cite_note-Tyler1989pp138-139-46]|]]] Predators outside the cane toad's native range include the [|whistling kite] (//Haliastur sphenurus//), the [|rakali] (//Hydromys chrysogaster//), the [|black rat] (//Rattus rattus//) and the [|water monitor] (//Varanus salvator//). There have been occasional reports of the [|tawny frogmouth] (//Podargus strigoides//) and the [|Papuan frogmouth] (//Podargus papuensis//)[|[][|48][[[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toad#cite_note-Angus1994pp10-11-47]|]]] feeding on cane toads. Opossums of the //[|Didelphis]//genus likely can eat cane toads with impunity. The cane toad is native to the Americas, and its range stretches from the [|Rio Grande Valley] in [|South Texas] to the central [|Amazon] and southeastern [|Peru].[|[][|50][[[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toad#cite_note-Tyler1989p111-49]|]]][|[][|51][[[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toad#cite_note-ZugZug1979p1-2-50]|]]] This area encompasses both [|tropical] and [|semiarid] environments. The density of the cane toad is significantly lower within its native distribution than in places where it has been introduced. In South America, the density was recorded to be 20 adults per 100 m (109 yd) of shoreline, 1 to 2% of the density in Australia. (Mia) ;-)

__**Prey:**__ **northern quoll**

GAMBA GRASS
__**Found in**__: Katherine River, Macathur River ==== Gamba grass is a tall tropical pasture grass that was first introduced into the Top End of the Northern Territory over 50 years ago. ==== ==== While gamba grass can be a beneficial pasture plant on pastoral properties, it is difficult to manage for this purpose. ==== ==== It has spread from properties where it was sown as a pasture into non-pastoral areas. It is currently found on roadsides, vacant land, reserves and national parks where it threatens the integrity of natural ecosytems. Spread has been accelerated by transportation of seed in hay, road maintenance activities, and the run of above average wet seasons during the mid to late 1990s. ==== ==== Stands that are not managed by grazing, mowing or slashing can accumulate high dry matter yields, which provide a high fuel load and increase the risk of severe fires. ==== ==== Gamba grass can be controlled, but in some situations this may take substantial resources. There are a number of methods available to eliminate or control the growth of the grass in the situations where it is currently found.(anastasia) ==== Gamba grass Andropogon gayanus

declared class 2 pest plant
​

Gamba grass is an introduced weed that competes strongly with native pasture. Its high biomass can fuel intense bushfires damaging ecosystems and threatening the safety of people and property.

Gamba grass infestations have spread extensively across various landscapes where it has significantly altered soil-nutrient cycles, water cycles and fire regimes in the following ways:

•

Gamba grass-infested landscapes carry up to eight times higher fuel loads than native forest and pastures.

•

Bushfires are extensive with increased intensity and heat, which affects the tree canopy, transforming woodlands to grasslands. This also poses a serious threat to people and property.

•

The changing demands for nutrients and water over a large area can alter catchment hydrology and downstream wetlands and watercourses. The invasion of northern Australia by Gamba Grass ( //Andropogon gayanus //) and other introduced grasses is a key threatening process listed under the EPBC Act (Threatened Species Scientific Committee 2009bn). Gamba Grass is a high biomass pasture grass that out-competes native grasses and increases fuel loads which promote intense, late, dry season fires (Threatened Species Scientific Committee 2009bn). Gamba Grass has fuel loads up to seven times higher than native grasses (Rossiter et al. 2003). This produces fires that are eight times more intense than those produced by native grasses (Rossiter-Rachor et al. 2008). These fires can be detrimental to the Northern Quoll by causing direct mortality either from fire or predation after fire and reducing the availability of shelter and habitat heterogeneity (Hill & Ward 2009). (Emilia)

Remove and spray high priority weeds e.g. Gamba Grass.(Emilia)



__**Prey:**__

INLAND TAIPAN
__**Found in**__:

__**Prey:**__ In the wild Inland Taipan appear to feed entirely on small to medium-sized mammals, particularly the Long-haired Rat //Rattus villosisimus//, as well as the introduced House Mouse //Mus musculus// and various small dasyurids.Son.

LAND CLEARING
The removal, degradation and fragmentation of Northern Quoll habitat is usually the consequence of development actions such as mining, transport infrastructure, offshore petroleum or gas processing facilities or through agricultural activities such as land clearing, pasture improvement or grazing.(Emilia)
 * __What is it?__ Land clearing is when people destroy a** **building and they change for something else e.g. someone destroyed a unit wich was old ad not used and replaced it with a brand new school.(Georgina)**

Found in: Embley River, Endeavour River, Hawkesbury River, Nogoa River
====] Lantana is a [|genus] of about 150 [|species] of [|perennial] [|flowering plants] in the [|verbena] family, [|Verbenaceae]. They are native to [|tropical]regions of the [|Americas] and [|Africa] but exist as an [|introduced species] in numerous areas, especially in the [|Australian]-[|Pacific] region. The genus includes both [|herbaceous] plants and [|shrubs] growing to 0.5–2 m (1.6–6.6 ft) tall. Their common names are shrub verbenas orlantanas. The generic name originated in [|Late Latin], where it refers to the unrelated [|Viburnum lantana].[|[2]] ==== ==== Lantana's aromatic [|flower] clusters (called [|umbels]) are a mix of red, orange, yellow, or blue and white [|florets]. Other colors exist as new varieties are being selected. The flowers typically change color as they mature, resulting in [|inflorescences] that are two- or three-colored. ==== ==== "Wild lantanas" are plants of the unrelated genus [|Abronia], usually called "sand-verbenas".(anastasoa) (Emilia)==== __**Prey:**__

LAUGHING KOOKABURRA
__**Found in**__: Embley River, Hawkesbury River, Endeavour River, Kiewa River, Nogoa River

__**Prey:**__

PERENTIE LIZARD
__**Found in**__:

__**Prey:**__

POWERFUL OWL
__**Found in**__:
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Range is from Eungella in Queensland south to thecentral highlands of Victoria and west to Mount burrin South Australia. Habitat includes mountain and coastal forests, gullies, forest margins, woodlands including sparse hilly woodlands, scrub, plantations and urban and rural parks and gardens.

__**Prey:**__ True to its name, the Powerful Owl is a strong and skilful hunter. By night, it swoops silently between the trees, seeking out medium sized, tree-dwelling marsupials such as the:
 * Greater glider
 * Ringtail possum
 * Sugar glider

RED FOX
__**Found in**__:

__**Prey:**__ Red foxes are omnivores with a highly varied diet. In the former Soviet Union, up to 300 animal and a few dozen plant species are known to be consumed by them.[10home] They primarily feed on small, mouse-like rodents like voles, mice, ground squirrels, hamsters, gerbils,[10home] woodchucks, pocket gophers and deer mice.[12home] Secondary prey species include birds (with passeriformes, galliformes and waterfowl predominating), leporids, porcupines, raccoons, opossums, reptiles, insects, other invertebrates and flotsam (marine mammals, fish and echinoderms).[10home][12home] On very rare occasions, they may attack young or small ungulates.[11home] They typically target mammals up to about 3.5 kg in weight, and require 500 grams of food daily.[55home] Red foxes readily eat plant material and in some areas, fruit can amount to 100% of their diet in autumn. Commonly consumed fruits include blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, cherries, persimmons, mulberries, apples, plums, grapes and acorns. Other plant material includes grasses, sedges and tubers. (Maddie)

RED-HEADED MOUSE SPIDER
__**Found in**__:

__**Prey:**__

RISING TEMPERATURES

 * __What is it?__**

SEWAGE

 * __What is it?__**

TOXIC CHEMICALS

 * __What is it?__**

WILDLIFE TRADE

 * __What is it?__**